Inflammatory cytokines increase in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome. This review focuses on Inflammatory cytokines such as C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α ), and adiponectin, a cytokine produced by adipose tissue and associated with insulin sensitivity. Despite the major role of cytokines in the development of T2D, in the case of adiponectin still is a matter of debate as the best strategy to change proper Inflammatory response.

Background: Endometriosis is a frequent gynecologic disease with a severe impact on the quality of life in the affected women; its pathogenesis is yet to be fully understood, with an altered immunity as a possible key factor. The present study aimed to investigate the serum anti-Inflammatory cytokine profile in the patients with endometriosis compared with the healthy controls.Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty women were included, divided into two study groups (Group I- endometriosis; Group 2- healthy women). We evaluated the serum levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-15 with the use of Human multiplex cytokine panels. Statistical analyses (normality distribution analysis, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test) were performed using IBM SPSS software (version 22.0) and GraphPad Prism (version 5.00); receiver operating characteristic curve were used to demonstrate the diagnostic performance of the studied markers. Results: The mean serum level of IL-1Ra, IL-4, and IL-10 were significantly higher in women with endometriosis compared to women free of disease from the control group (30.155, 138.459, and 1.489, respectively, compared to 14.109, 84.710, and 0.688, respectively; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.002, respectively.). No significant differences in the mean serum levels of IL-2, IL-13, and IL-15 were observed between the studied groups and IL-2R had a very low detection rate. Conclusion: Endometriosis is associated with elevated levels of anti-Inflammatory cytokines, IL-1Ra, IL-4, and IL-10, markers that have a potential role as a prognostic factor for endometriosis.

Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease that may be triggered by environmental disorders, mental stress, or physical illness in a person who is genetically predisposed to it. Recent research has extremely evaluated the role of Inflammatory cytokines in schizophrenia. The current study attempted to find any association between cytokines and schizophrenia. This narrative study was conducted through a literature review in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases using keywords related to schizophrenia and cytokines without any time limitation. This review focused on discussing the relationship between various symptoms of disease and cytokine levels. Environmental factors such as embryonical infections were found to be associated with alternations in mothers’,blood cytokines and further effects on schizophrenia probability in children. Heritable factors including disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and neuregulin 1 (NRG1) genes were shown to be linked with immunological responses, as well as Toll-like receptors or AKT1/p13k activation and following alternations in the cytokine profile. Based on the findings, the cytokines and Inflammatory responses of the body were reported to be involved in many psychological disorders and schizophrenia. Various interleukins (ILs), as well as IL-6, IL-8, and IL-2R are known to be associated with the severity of schizophrenia symptoms. Although various data exist regarding different cytokines and their association with schizophrenia, no study has so far formulated research fields on specific types of cytokines that have the potential to be further studied for therapeutic hope.